3rd Attempt Form College of Arts and Letters Fua

Human expression, ordinarily influenced past civilization

The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media. Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant characteristic of human being life, they have adult into innovative, stylized and sometimes intricate forms. This is oft achieved through sustained and deliberate report, training and/or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations and even between civilizations. The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate singled-out social, cultural and individual identities, while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life and experiences across time and infinite.

Prominent examples of the arts include compages, visual arts (including ceramics, cartoon, filmmaking, painting, photography, and sculpting), literary arts (including fiction, drama, verse, and prose), performing arts (including trip the light fantastic, music, and theatre), textiles and fashion, folk art and handicraft, oral storytelling, conceptual and installation art, criticism, and culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate making and winemaking). They tin use skill and imagination to produce objects, performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new environments and spaces.

The arts can refer to common, popular or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated and systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can exist detached and cocky-independent, or combine and interweave with other fine art forms, such equally the combination of artwork with the written word in comics. They can also develop or contribute to some detail attribute of a more than complex fine art form, as in cinematography.

Past definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually re-defined. The practice of mod art, for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and self-criticism or questioning that fine art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.

Every bit both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity, and as ends in themselves, the arts can simultaneously exist a form of response to the globe, and a way that our responses, and what we deem worthwhile goals or pursuits, are transformed. From prehistoric cave paintings, to aboriginal and contemporary forms of ritual, to modernistic-24-hour interval films, art has served to register, embody and preserve our ever shifting relationships to each other and to the world.

Definition

There are several possible meanings for the definitions of the terms Art and Arts.^[a] The starting time significant of the give-and-take art is « way of doing ».^[ane] The about basic present meaning defines the arts as specific activities that produce sensitivity in humans.^[2] The arts are also referred to as bringing together all artistic and imaginative activities, without including science.^[b] ^[3] ^[four] In its well-nigh basic abstract definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient beingness through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view, hear or feel it. The human activity itself of producing an expression can too exist referred to equally a certain art, or every bit art in general. Whether this solidified expression, or the act of producing it, is "good" or has value depends on those who admission and charge per unit it. Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors. Merriam-Webster defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theatre, literature, etc., considered every bit a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination."^[5] Similarly, the United states of america Congress, in the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act, defined "the arts" as follows:

The term "the arts" includes, but is not limited to, music (instrumental and vocal), dance, drama, folk fine art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and arts and crafts arts, industrial pattern, costume and fashion design, motion pictures, telly, radio, picture show, video, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major fine art forms, all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country. (sic) and the study and awarding of the arts to the human surroundings.^[6]

Art is a global activity in which a large number of disciplines are included, such as: fine arts, liberal arts, visual arts, decorative arts, practical arts, design, crafts, performing arts,^[three] ... We are talking about "the arts" when several of them are mentioned: "As in all arts the enjoyment increases with the knowledge of the art".^[seven]

The arts tin can exist divided into several areas, the fine arts which bring together, in the broad sense, all the arts whose aim is to produce truthful aesthetic pleasure,^[8] decorative arts and practical arts which relate to an aesthetic side in everyday life.^[nine]

History

The earliest surviving form of any of the arts are cave paintings, possibly from 70,000 BCE, but definitely from at to the lowest degree xl,000 BCE.^[ten] The oldest known musical instrument, the purported Divje Babe Flute—made from a immature cavern bear femur—is dated to 43,000 and 82,000 BCE, but whether it is truly a musical musical instrument (or an object created by animals) remains extremely controversial.^[11] The earliest objects whose designations as musical instruments are widely accustomed are viii bone flutes from the Swabian Jura, Germany; three of these from the Geissenklösterle are dated every bit the oldest, c. 43,150–39,370 BP.^[12] The earliest surviving literature appears much later; the Instructions of Shuruppak and Kesh temple hymn amongst other Sumerian cuneiform tablets, are thought to but exist from 2600 BCE.^[13]

In Aboriginal Greece, all fine art and craft was referred to by the same word, techne. Thus, there was no stardom among the arts. Ancient Greek fine art brought the veneration of the animal course and the development of equivalent skills to testify musculature, poise, dazzler, and anatomically correct proportions. Aboriginal Roman art depicted gods equally idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.k. Zeus' thunderbolt). In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Centre Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths. Eastern art has generally worked in a fashion alike to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by calorie-free, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often divers by an outline (a gimmicky equivalent is the cartoon). This is axiomatic in, for case, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and instead expresses religious ideas through calligraphy and geometrical designs.

Classifications

In the Eye Ages, the Artes Liberales (liberal arts) were taught in universities as part of the Trivium, an introductory curriculum involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic,^[xiv] and of the Quadrivium, a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.^[15] The Artes Mechanicae (consisting of vestiaria – tailoring and weaving; agricultura – agriculture; architectura – architecture and masonry; militia and venatoria – warfare, hunting, military educational activity, and the martial arts; mercatura – trade; coquinaria – cooking; and metallaria – blacksmithing and metallurgy)^[16] ^{[ not specific enough to verify ]} were practised and adult in guild environments. The modernistic distinction between "creative" and "not-artistic" skills did not develop until the Renaissance. In modern academia, the arts are ordinarily grouped with or every bit a subset of the humanities. Some subjects in the humanities are history, linguistics, literature, theology, philosophy, and logic.

The arts have also been classified every bit seven: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, performing and cinema. Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music as the main four arts, of which the others are derivative; drama is literature with acting, dance is music expressed through motion, and song is music with literature and voice.^[17] Pic is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art".^[18]

Visual arts

Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. The discussion architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "chief" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".^[19] A wider definition would include the design of the built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design normally must address both feasibility and cost for the architect, besides equally role and aesthetics for the user.

In mod usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of, a complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the construction of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-fabricated things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen every bit a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the instance of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of construction or organization, which preserves the relationships amidst the elements or components. Planned architecture manipulates space, book, texture, low-cal, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics. This distinguishes it from technology or engineering, which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures.

In the field of building compages, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more than complex, such as for a hospital or a stadium, to the apparently simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen also equally cultural and political symbols, or works of art. The office of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) blueprint and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live.

Ceramics

Ceramic art is fine art fabricated from ceramic materials (including dirt), which may take forms such as pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects. Ceramics may too be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic fine art tin be made by 1 person or past a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people blueprint, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery." In a ane-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. In modern ceramic engineering usage, "ceramics" is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the activeness of heat. It excludes drinking glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

Conceptual art

Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of thought-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.^[twenty] Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s,^[21] its pop usage, specially in the Uk, adult every bit a synonym for all gimmicky art that does non practise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

Cartoon

Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide diversity of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which can simulate the furnishings of these are also used. The principal techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a drafter, draftswoman, or draughtsman.^[22] Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as illustrations, comics and animation. Comics are oft called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Vii Arts".^[23]

Painting

Painting is a way of creative expression, and can be done in numerous forms. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), limerick, narration (as in narrative art), or brainchild (every bit in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.^[24] Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a even so life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in nature (as in Artivism).

Modern painters have extended the practise considerably to include, for example, collage. Collage is not painting in the strict sense since it includes other materials. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw, wood or strands of hair for their artwork texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer.

Photography

Photography equally an art course refers to photographs that are created in accord with the creative vision of the photographer. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism, which provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.

Sculpture

Sculpture is the co-operative of the visual arts that operates in 3 dimensions. It is i of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of fabric) and modelling (the addition of fabric, as clay), in rock, metal, ceramics, forest and other materials; just since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost consummate freedom of materials and procedure. A wide diversity of materials may be worked by removal such equally carving, assembled past welding or modelling, or moulded, or cast.

Literary arts

Literature is literally "associate with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary. The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has generally come to identify a collection of writings, which in Western culture are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama and poetry. In much, if not all of the globe, the creative linguistic expression can be oral as well, and include such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and equally folktale. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth fine art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.^[23]

Performing arts

Performing arts incorporate dance, music, theatre, opera, mime, and other art forms in which a human functioning is the primary product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance chemical element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts where the product is an object that does non require a performance to exist observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the production is performed over a menstruum of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.^[25] Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, magicians, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are as well supported past the services of other artists or essential workers, such as songwriting and stagecraft. Performers often accommodate their appearance with tools such as costume and stage makeup.

Trip the light fantastic toe

Dance (from Quondam French dancier, of unknown origin) mostly refers to human being move either used as a grade of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting.^[26] Dance is too used to draw methods of not-verbal advice (run into body linguistic communication) betwixt humans or animals (e.chiliad. bee dance, mating trip the light fantastic), motion in inanimate objects (e.g. the leaves danced in the wind), and sure musical forms or genres. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. Definitions of what constitutes trip the light fantastic are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, creative and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized pond are trip the light fantastic disciplines while Martial arts "kata" are often compared to dances.

Music

Music is an fine art form whose medium is sound and silence, occurring in time. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, metre, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary co-ordinate to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their reproduction in operation) through improvisational music to aleatoric pieces. Music tin can exist divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are oft subtle, sometimes open to individual estimation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music may be classified as a performing art, a art, and auditory art.

Theatre

Theatre or theater (from Greek theatron (θέατρον); from theasthai, "behold"^[27]) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with interim out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, trip the light fantastic, sound and spectacle – indeed, whatsoever one or more than elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue way, theatre takes such forms equally opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian dance, Chinese opera and mummers' plays.

Multidisciplinary artistic works

Areas be in which artistic works contain multiple creative fields, such as film, opera and functioning art. While opera is oft categorized in the performing arts of music, the discussion itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines several artistic disciplines in a singular artistic experience. In a typical traditional opera, the entire work utilizes the following: the sets (visual arts), costumes (fashion), acting (dramatic performing arts), the libretto, or the words/story (literature), and singers and an orchestra (music).

The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of then many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Band des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, only instead Gesamtkunstwerk ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components which were every bit important as the music. Classical ballet is another grade which emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.

Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative means, such as performance fine art. Performance fine art is a performance over time which combines whatever number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which tin be improvised. Functioning art may be scripted, unscripted, random or carefully organized; even audition participation may occur. John Muzzle is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage'due south limerick Living Room Music composed in 1940 is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, actually non-melodic objects, which tin be establish in a living room of a typical house, hence the title.

Other arts

There is no articulate line between art and civilisation. Cultural fields like gastronomy are sometimes considered as arts.^[28]

Applied arts

The applied arts are the awarding of design and decoration to everyday, functional, objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.^[29] The practical arts includes fields such every bit industrial design, analogy, and commercial art.^[30] The term "applied art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is divers as arts that aims to produce objects which are cute or provide intellectual stimulation only have no main everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

Video games

A fence exists in the fine arts and video game cultures over whether video games can be counted as an art class.^[31] Game designer Hideo Kojima professes that video games are a type of service, non an fine art class, because they are meant to entertain and attempt to entertain as many people every bit possible, rather than being a single artistic voice (despite Kojima himself being considered a gaming auteur, and the mixed opinions his games typically receive). However, he acknowledged that since video games are made up of creative elements (for example, the visuals), game designers could be considered museum curators – non creating creative pieces, but arranging them in a way that displays their artistry and sells tickets.

Inside social sciences, cultural economists show how video games playing is conducive to the involvement in more traditional art forms and cultural practices, which suggests the complementarity betwixt video games and the arts.^[32]

In May 2011, the National Endowment of the Arts included video games in its redefinition of what is considered a "work of art" when applying for a grant.^[33] In 2012, the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented an exhibit, The Art of the Video Game.^[34] Reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games vest in an fine art museum.

Arts criticism

Architecture criticism
Art criticism
Dance criticism
Film criticism
Music criticism
Television criticism
Theatre criticism
Literary criticism

See as well

Arts in education
The arts and politics

Notes

^ The term Art comes from the Latin ars, artis.
^ Historically, scientific discipline has long been opposed to art, because art was characterised every bit a discipline that could not exist learned (different science).

References

^ Valéry 1935, p. 683.
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^ ^a ^b "Art Definition: Meaning, Nomenclature of Visual Arts". visual-arts-cork.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "The arts definition and meaning". Collins English language Dictionary. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ "Definition of The Arts past Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on one June 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ Van Military camp 2006.
^ Hemingway 2003, p. 11.
^ "Définition de Beaux-Arts" [Definition of Fine Arts] (in French). Bayard Presse. Archived from the original on viii June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The fine arts include painting, sculpture, certain graphic arts and architecture. Music and poetry are sometimes called fine art.
^ "Définition de arts appliqués" [Definition of applied arts] (in French). Fifty'Internaute. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The applied arts join under ane imprint all the activities that bring an aesthetic side to everyday life. These arts are skillful by designers, who are in charge of embellishing what surrounds the individual.
^ St. Fleur 2018, p. 10.
^ Morley 2013, pp. 38–39.
^ Morley 2013, pp. 42–43.
^ Diedrich 2015, p. ane.
^ Onions, Friedrichsen & Burchfield 1991, p. 994.
^ "Quadrivium". The New International Encyclopædia. 1905 – via Wikisource. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.
^ In his commentary on Martianus Capella'south early fifth century work, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts
^ Rowlands & Landauer 2001.
^ Ryynänen, Max (2020). On the Philosophy of Key European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 37. ISBN978-1-7936-3418-4.
^ Harper 2016.
^ LeWitt 1967, pp. 79–83.
^ Huntsman 2015, p. 221.
^ "The definition of draftsman". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Miller 2007, p. 23.
^ Perry 2014, p. 85.
^ Honderich 2006.
^ Fraleigh 1987, p. iii.
^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "theater (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 Oct 2016.
^ Desai, DeSimone & Henig 2013.
^ Chilvers 2004, p. 29.
^ "Define Applied art at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved eight May 2018.
^ Parker 2012, p. 42.
^ Borowiecki & Prieto-Rodriguez 2013, pp. 239–258.
^ Barber 2012.
^ Parker 2012, p. 46.

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External links

Media related to The arts at Wikimedia Commons
Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
Definition of Art past Lexico